Hollies of the Ilex Genus
Dahoon Holly - Ilex cassine
Jekyll Island at the Great Dunes Parking Lot, this is a recent nursery planting, loaded heavy with berries in September.
Sandy, sunny location.
Sandy, sunny location.
Wild Dahoon
Found on Jekyll Island near the northernmost water tower. Wet, shady location.
There is a garden Dahoon at the Memorial Park in Riverside, Jacksonville FL.
There is a garden Dahoon at the Memorial Park in Riverside, Jacksonville FL.
Dahoon Holly, Ilex cassine
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilex_cassine
http://www.duke.edu/~cwcook/trees/ilca.html
Photo comparison of five different Holly Leaves - American, Dahoon, East Palatka, Myrtle, Yaupon
http://www.sfrc.ufl.edu/4h/Dahoon_holly/HollyLeafCompareWeb.jpg
---------------------------------------------
Greene Deane (Eat the Weeds) recently written article on Yaupon
http://www.eattheweeds.com/yaupon-holly-ilex-vomitoria/
Greene Deane (Eat the Weeds) on Hollies, Caffeine, and Antioxidants
http://www.eattheweeds.com/hollies-caffein-antioxidants/
-----------------------------------------------
Rodale's Encyclopedia of Organic Gardening (1992), pp. 335-336
has entries on: Ilex x attenuata, I. cornuta, I. crenata, I. x meserveae, I. opaca, I. verticillata, I. vomitoria
Royal Horticultural Society - Encyclopedia of Herbs and their uses. Deni Bown (2002), pp. 241-242.
has entries and photos on: Ilex aquifolium (leaves for malaria), Ilex paraguariensis (leaves), I. verticillata (bark and twigs for decoctions), I. opaca (leaves, caffeine-free), I. vomitoria.
American Horticultural Society - Encyclopedia of Garden Plants. (1989), pp. 70-71, pp. 489-490.
has 40 entries and photos of various ornamental hollies.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
From "Black Drink" (Hudson) pp. 34-35, Shiu Yinh Hu's "The Botany of Yaupon."
"In an article dealing with I. guayusa, Professor R. E. Schultes reviewed the literature on twenty-five species of Ilex used for tea. These are listed alphabetically below. All the species except those with remarks in parentheses are from South America." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Evans_Schultes
R. E. Schultes also wrote: "The correct name of the yaupon." 1950, Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 14:107-108
Ilex affinis - Gardn.
Triterpenoids from Brazilian Ilex species and their in vitro antitrypanosomal activity. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15497942
Ilex amara - (Vell.) Loes.
Studies on the constituents of a Brazilian folk infusion. Isolation and structure elucidation of new triterpene saponins from Ilex amara leaves. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11782191
Ilex chamaedryfolia - Reiss. ex Mart.
Triterpenes and new saponins from Ilex chamaedryfolia: chemotaxonomic tool to ilex species differentiation - full text
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422011000200010
Ilex cognata - Reiss. ex Mart.
Ilex congonhina - Loes. - congonha
Ilex conocarpa - Reiss. ex Mart.
Ilex cuiabensis - Reiss. ex Mart.
Ilex diuretica - Mart.
Ilex dumosa - Reiss. ex Mart.
Saponins from Ilex dumosa http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/np50123a012
PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF ILEX DUMOSA http://www.actahort.org/books/501/501_52.htm
Ilex fertilis - Reiss. ex Mart. - synonomous with Ilex theezans - Mart.
Ilex glabra - (L.) A. Gray (eastern USA) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilex_glabra
Ilex glaziouviana - Loes.
Ilex guayusa - Loes. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilex_guayusa
Ilex guayusa is a South American Holly high in caffeine used for morning male regurgitation rituals.
Ritualistic use of the holly Ilex guayusa by Amazonian Jívaro Indians.
J. Ethnopharmacol, 1991 May-Jun;33(1-2):25-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1682531
Ilex opaca Ait (I. Quercifolia Meerbg., ) - photo below, also see Natural Constituents of Ilex Species (Alkaridis)
Ilex paltorioides Reiss. ex Mart. (REFRESH DATA FROM HERE TO END)
Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil. Yerba Mate
Ilex pseudobuxus Reiss. ex Mart.
Ilex pseudothea Reiss. ex Mart.
Ilex sykmplociformis Reiss. ex Mart.
Ilex tarapotina Loes. Te O Mate (Peru) http://herbs.maxforum.org/2011/06/28/ilex-genus-sacred-holly/
Ilex theezans Mart.
Ilex verticillata (L.) A. Gray
Ilex vitis-idaea Loes.
Ilex vomitoria Ait. Yaupon Holly
Ilex yunnanensis Franch. var. eciliata S.Y. Hu (Sino-Tibet border) Yunnan Holly
Natural constituents of Ilex species
(Cutting and Pasting withing Weebly loses formatting and leaves things double-spaced with no way to revert to single-spaced)
Abstract: A literature survey on chemical constituents of Ilex species is given.
General and medicinal uses of the plant are also described.
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Volume 20, Issue 2, July 1987, Pages 121-144. F. Alikaridis
Organic Chemistry Laboratories, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, U.K.
Present address: Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
This article reviews articles that have identified a wide variety of compounds in many Ilex species (leaves, fruit, bark) mostly other than I.vomitoraia. The exception is the isolation of Cyanidin-3-xylosylglucoside in I.vomitoria's and
I.paragueniensis's fruits. (similar to quercetin)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanidin
Compounds isolated fall into these classes: Phenols, phenolic acids, phenyl propanoids, anthocyanins, flavanols, terpenoids, sterols, purine alkaloids, amino acids, misc. nitrogenous cmpds, fatty acids, alkanes, alcohols, carbohydrates, vitamins and carotenoids.
In I.paragueniensis leaves: alpha-amyrin, ursolic acid, rutin, the amino acids (alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic
acid, cysteine, cystine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and valine), sterols (which ones?), caffeine, theophylline, theobromine, adenine, sucrose, raffinose, glucose, levulose, ascorbic acid (vitC), thiamine (vit B1), riboflavin (vit B2), nicotinic acid, and carotene. Many compounds in mate fruit not mentioned here.
Also this article discusses medicinal activities and historical uses of some Ilex species:
I.pubescens: TCM (traditional chinese medicine): coronary heart disease, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, cardiovascular and circulatory activities. Four catechols cause vasodilation and hyperaemia (increased blood flow). Flavonoid glycosides from bark treat hypertension, hyperlipaemia and hepatitis. Triterpene from root also
has cardiac activity.
I.cornuta: TCM: dizziness and hypertension (adenosine increases coronary heart flow), leaf triterpenes are antithrombotic and anticholesteraemic. Bark glucosides are used to treat malaria.
I. aquifolium: used for fevers and rheumatism. Antipyretic, astringent, diuretic, and expectorant.
I.opaca: diuretic, tonic, purgative, cardiac stimulant
Combo of I.aquifolium and I.opaca leaves and berries has activities similar to digitalis.
I. integra bark extracts injected into rabbits caused blood pressure to decrease.
I.paraguariensis depurative, stimulant, diuretic. Also discusses South American diets very high in meat and speculates that the use of mate provides enough vitamins to counteract vitamin deficiencies.
--------------------------------
Photos below were taken of plants in the State Botanical Garden of Georgia at the Univeristy of Georgia in Athens on Aug 18, 2011. There were multiple hybrid varieties in the shade garden that are not included.
See Handbook of Hollies 1957 byHarry William Dengler, Holly Society of America
Ilex cornuta - Chinese Holly, Horned Holly
Ilex opaca - American Holly
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilex_opaca
See U.S. National Arboretum Contribution #3: International Checklist of cultivated Ilex, Pt 1, Ilex opaca (ARS-USDA) Mar 1973 for a very large list of Ilex opaca cultivars
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See U.S. National Arboretum Contribution #3: International Checklist of cultivated Ilex, Pt 1, Ilex opaca (ARS-USDA) Mar 1973 for a very large list of Ilex opaca cultivars
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ilex integra - Nepal Holly
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othera_japonica
http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ilex+integra
http://www.naturalmedicinalherbs.net/herbs/i/ilex-integra=mochi-tree.php
http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/8/12/882/pdf
Molecules 2003, 8(12), 882-885
A Carboxylic Acid from Ilex integra
Motoo Tori, Yoshie Mukai, Katsuyuki Nakashima and Masakazu Sono
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, 770-8414 Japan
Saponins and triterpenes identified within references.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ilex+integra
http://www.naturalmedicinalherbs.net/herbs/i/ilex-integra=mochi-tree.php
http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/8/12/882/pdf
Molecules 2003, 8(12), 882-885
A Carboxylic Acid from Ilex integra
Motoo Tori, Yoshie Mukai, Katsuyuki Nakashima and Masakazu Sono
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, 770-8414 Japan
Saponins and triterpenes identified within references.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ilex latifolia - Lusterleaf Holly (Japan) Tarajo Holly
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilex_latifolia
The leaves may be infused to make tea ("bitter nail tea" kǔ dīng chá).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuding_tea
http://www.itmonline.org/arts/kudingcha.htm
Food Funct. 2010 Dec 30;1(3):262-8. Epub 2010 Nov 18.
Caffeoylquinic acid derived free radicals identified during antioxidant reactions of bitter tea (Ilex latifolia and Ilex kudincha).
Pirker KF, Goodman BA. Health and Environment Department, Environmental Resources & Technologies, Austria
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21776475
J. Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Jan 27;133(2):558-64. Epub 2010 Oct 26.
Protective effect of Ilex latifolia, a major component of "kudingcha", against transient focal ischemia-induced neuronal damage in rats. Kim JY, Jeong HY, Lee HK, Yoo JK, Bae K, Seong YH.
College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, South Korea.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21029769
Phytochemistry. 1998 Dec;49(8):2483-6.
Triterpenoid saponins from Ilex latifolia.
Ouyang MA, Liu YQ, Wang HQ, Yang CR.
Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9887534
Triterpene saponins from the leaves of Ilex kudingcha.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16124755
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The leaves may be infused to make tea ("bitter nail tea" kǔ dīng chá).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuding_tea
http://www.itmonline.org/arts/kudingcha.htm
Food Funct. 2010 Dec 30;1(3):262-8. Epub 2010 Nov 18.
Caffeoylquinic acid derived free radicals identified during antioxidant reactions of bitter tea (Ilex latifolia and Ilex kudincha).
Pirker KF, Goodman BA. Health and Environment Department, Environmental Resources & Technologies, Austria
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21776475
J. Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Jan 27;133(2):558-64. Epub 2010 Oct 26.
Protective effect of Ilex latifolia, a major component of "kudingcha", against transient focal ischemia-induced neuronal damage in rats. Kim JY, Jeong HY, Lee HK, Yoo JK, Bae K, Seong YH.
College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, South Korea.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21029769
Phytochemistry. 1998 Dec;49(8):2483-6.
Triterpenoid saponins from Ilex latifolia.
Ouyang MA, Liu YQ, Wang HQ, Yang CR.
Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9887534
Triterpene saponins from the leaves of Ilex kudingcha.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16124755
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ilex pernyi - Perny Holly (China)
Yao Xue Xue Bao. 2008 Jan;43(1):60-2. Chemical constituents from the leaves of Ilex pernyi.
Xie GB, Niu F, Wang XJ, Lei LD, Tu PF.
School of Pharmaceutical Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18357733
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Xie GB, Niu F, Wang XJ, Lei LD, Tu PF.
School of Pharmaceutical Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18357733
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ilex vomitoria 'Penudula' - Weeping Yaupon
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ilex vomitoria 'Wiggin's Yellow'
Yellow berries. Dwarf leaves. Grew as small tree.
Wiggins Yellow - (photo taken 11-24-11 by L.H.)
Wiggins Yellow - (photo taken 11-24-11 by L.H.)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ilex vomitoria 'Schillings Dwarf'
Grown as a sculpted hedge in shade. Schillings is the male dwarf of I.vomitoria (Greene Deane)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ilex vomitoria 'Nana' Dwarf
Grown as a sculpted hedge in full sun. Nana is the female dwarf of I. vomitoria (Greene Deane)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nana hedge around female Yaupon Holly
Ilex vomitoria - female, full sun
Ilex glabra 'compacta' - Inkberry
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilex_glabra
http://hcs.osu.edu/hcs/tmi/plantlist/il_labra.html
http://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/dendrology/syllabus/factsheet.cfm?ID=344
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
http://hcs.osu.edu/hcs/tmi/plantlist/il_labra.html
http://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/dendrology/syllabus/factsheet.cfm?ID=344
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ilex cassine 'Lowei'
This cultivar, 'Lowei' was growing in the older Trial Garden section of the State Botanical Garden. It's metal ID tag was near the base of this holly, but not physically attached. I could not tell this plant apart from Yaupon Holly, berries were still green, shoots were greener than Yaupon (whose young shoots have purplish stems) , and the leaves dried a brighter green color than Yaupon. There were no spines on this plant. The trial section had numerous old Ilex hybrids, and several unidentified hollies.
73Metal ID tag read: ILEX CASSINE
LOWEI'
88-0290
http://www.aplantshome.com/encyclopedia/pd_9843.html
A Plant's Home: 'Lowei' has yellow berries, hybridizes easily with Ilex opaca.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilex_cassine
Wiki's photo of Ilex cassine shows leaves with a singular spine, and red berries - the Dahoon Holly.
http://hort.ufl.edu/database/documents/pdf/tree_fact_sheets/ilecasa.pd
identifies Ilex cassine with Dahoon Holly, and 'Lowei' as a cultivar of Ilex myrtifolia.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------7--------------------------------------------------------------
73Metal ID tag read: ILEX CASSINE
LOWEI'
88-0290
http://www.aplantshome.com/encyclopedia/pd_9843.html
A Plant's Home: 'Lowei' has yellow berries, hybridizes easily with Ilex opaca.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilex_cassine
Wiki's photo of Ilex cassine shows leaves with a singular spine, and red berries - the Dahoon Holly.
http://hort.ufl.edu/database/documents/pdf/tree_fact_sheets/ilecasa.pd
identifies Ilex cassine with Dahoon Holly, and 'Lowei' as a cultivar of Ilex myrtifolia.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------7--------------------------------------------------------------
Eurya japonica
Also in the trial garden was this Eurya japonica whose leaves are almost identical to Yaupon.
Wiki-Commons photograph of flowers of Eurya japonica
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eurya_japonica4.jpg
Unique Garden Plants states that the berries of Eurya japonica are black.
https://uniquegardenplants.com/cart/index.php?dispatch=products.view&product_id=30022
Dave's Garden: "Branches of Eurya japonica are used in Shinto ceremonies in Japan - native to southern and eastern Asia. Hard to find much info on this plant but it seems to like shade to part sun in a moist soil. Has a herringbone branching pattern (which looks like stiff fern fronds to me) and stems turn deep red in winter. I have read that the flowers have a metallic smell, not too pleasant and the female shrubs have tiny black berries. Very pretty plant." Places Eurya in the Family Theaceae
http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/121806/
Eurya japonica is closely related to Cleryera japonica
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakaki
http://www005.upp.so-net.ne.jp/goostake/GOO/XHISAKAK.HTM
http://prezi.com/yqzunha1shad/japanese-sacred-objects/
http://homepage2.nifty.com/ngskoto/nagasaki/jyu/tubaki/hisakaki.html
Spatial distribution of Eurya japonica in and old-growth evergreen broad-leafed forest in SW Japan
http://www.jstor.org/pss/3237020
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wiki-Commons photograph of flowers of Eurya japonica
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eurya_japonica4.jpg
Unique Garden Plants states that the berries of Eurya japonica are black.
https://uniquegardenplants.com/cart/index.php?dispatch=products.view&product_id=30022
Dave's Garden: "Branches of Eurya japonica are used in Shinto ceremonies in Japan - native to southern and eastern Asia. Hard to find much info on this plant but it seems to like shade to part sun in a moist soil. Has a herringbone branching pattern (which looks like stiff fern fronds to me) and stems turn deep red in winter. I have read that the flowers have a metallic smell, not too pleasant and the female shrubs have tiny black berries. Very pretty plant." Places Eurya in the Family Theaceae
http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/121806/
Eurya japonica is closely related to Cleryera japonica
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakaki
http://www005.upp.so-net.ne.jp/goostake/GOO/XHISAKAK.HTM
http://prezi.com/yqzunha1shad/japanese-sacred-objects/
http://homepage2.nifty.com/ngskoto/nagasaki/jyu/tubaki/hisakaki.html
Spatial distribution of Eurya japonica in and old-growth evergreen broad-leafed forest in SW Japan
http://www.jstor.org/pss/3237020
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ilex sugerokii - Kuro-Soyogo Holly
Ilex vomitoria - male, shaded
Ilex cornuta - 'O' Spring' - Chinese Holly
Ilex cornuta - Dwarf Burford
Ilex x 'Nellie R Stevens'
Ilex x 'Aspire'
http://www.marshalltrees.com/upload/pdf_trees/61_file.pdf
"...parentage is likely Ilex integra x Ilex aquifolium."
"...parentage is likely Ilex integra x Ilex aquifolium."